XENONnT

E. Aprile et al.

XENON Collaboration

Abstract XENON INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso . XENONnT XENON1T. 5.9 ( 8.5 ). WIMP XENON1T . XENONnT .

XENON (LXe TPCs) [1–3]. (WIMPs) [4–10]. LXe 5.9 XENONnT XENON1T [11].

XENONnT 4 XENON1T. LXe ²²² Rn ⁸⁵Kr [12]. [13]. XENONnT .

Fig. 1: XENONnT (TPC ) . . . (CRY) (GXe-PUR LXe-PUR) (Kr-DST Rn-DST) 2.2. TPC 2.1 2.3 .

2 XENONnT

1 XENONnT . B INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) . . XENONnT XENON1T . . .

TPC LXe 5.9 . (1) ( Polytetrafluoroethylene - PTFE) (2) (3) (4) (PMTs) LXe . 2.1 .

XENONnT XENON1T. XENON1T. LXe 4-16 / . 2.2.3 .

²²²Rn . ²¹⁴Pb LXe . ∼1 μBq/kg XENONnT 1.73 / [14]. LXe . . 2.2.5 .

XENONnT . 33 ³ Cherenkov . 𝒪(MeV) γ. Compton Cherenkov . TPC 2023 . 2.3.2 .

XENONnT XENON1T [3].

2.1 LXe

Fig. 2: CAD XENONnT TPC . TPC PMT.

XENONnT LXe TPC . . [15]. TPCs XENON10 [16] ZEPLIN-II [17] XENON100 [2] LUX [18] PandaX-II [19] XENON1T [3] PandaX-4T [20] LZ [21] XENONnT [12, 13].

TPCs LXe TPC . (S1) Xe₂^∗ . (S2) LXe . (5-10 kV/cm) . S1 S2 ( Z) . X Y S2 PMTs . 3D ( ) [22].

S1 S2 . ( WIMP ) (NR). (ER’s) NR . S2/S1 NR ER. XENON1T >99.7% ER’s NR 50% [23].

2.1.1 TPC

XENON1T [3] LXe XENONnT. TPC ( PTFE) . (α,n) . TPC XENONnT . XENON1T [4]. XENON1T XENONnT . ( 2.1.3). TPC XENON1T 1620 mm.

2 CAD XENONnT TPC. 8.5 −98^∘C 5.9 TPC. TPC 24 PTFE. TPC 1613 mm 1327 mm ( TPC −98 ^∘C ). 48 PTFE : 24 PTFE mm . PTFE 24 . PTFE 3 mm TPC [24]. PTFE TPC 128 kg. LXe TPC 64 mm . 3 TPC .

PMTs S1 S2 253 PMT 241 PMT ( 4 2.1.2 ). PMT PTFE 8-mm . 25 mm ( ) 20 mm ( ) (OFHC) PTFE. PMT 4 mm . LXe. PTFE 175 nm [25].

Fig. 3: XENONnT TPC . PTFE TPC .

Fig. 4: PMT TPC: () . () PMT .

Fig. 5: ( ) LXe TPC : .

TPC ( 2.1.3). / 1486 mm 8 mm ( 2). 1.5 mm PMT 28 mm PMT . PMTs. 55 mm 200 kg LXe S2 .

OFHC (TFSE) ( 2 2.1.3). PTFE 1 mm 640 mm ( 2 3). ( 2.1.3). ( 3) XENON1T [3]. Kapton [26] ConFlat SHV .

Fig. 6: PMTs Hamamatsu R11410-21 (253 ) (241) (QE ). PMT 383 PMTs QE .


TPC Electrode	Frame	Frame	Frame	Frame	Wire	Wire	Optical	Vertical	Design
	Thickness	Shape	ID	OD	Diameter	Pitch	Transp.	Position	Voltage

Top Screen	15 mm	24-gonal	1334 mm	1408 mm	216 μm	5 mm	95.7%	+36 mm	−1.5 kV
Anode	18 mm	24-gonal	1334 mm	1408 mm	216 μm	5 mm	95.7%	+8 mm	+6.5 kV
Gate	20 mm	24-gonal	1334 mm	1408 mm	216 μm	5 mm	95.7%	0 mm	−1.0 kV
Cathode	20 mm	circular	1347 mm	1395 mm	304 μm	7.5 mm	96.0%	−1486 mm	−30.0 kV
Bottom Screen	15 mm	circular	1345 mm	1395 mm	216 μm	7.5 mm	97.0%	−1541 mm	−1.5 kV

Table 1: . . (ID OD) 24 . ( ) TPC LXe.

1/4" . LXe TPC 5. GXe . 5.1 mm . . X-Y ( 3.3.3). TPC. 0.2 mm 10 mm. TPC TPC . 50 μm . (1.8 ± 0.1) × 10⁻⁴ rad.

TPC.

( PMTs ) ( 1). 1 XENON . XENON1T. 2 . ( 1).

2.1.2 TPC

253 241 PMTs Hamamatsu R11410-21 [27] . Hamamatsu XENON [28–30]. PMTs 520 153 XENON1T ( 248) 367 . PMTs XENON1T 10% PMTs . PMTs 367 15 11 XENONnT [30]). 494 . PMTs (QE) 34.1% Hamamatsu 20^∘C 175 nm 90% [30].

PMTs 6. S2 PMT . PMTs QE ( 6). QE PMT PMTs . PMTs .

PMTs [31] Cirlex^® XENON1T [29]. 30 mA 200 Hz. PMT [32] [33, 34] 2.1.1. ConFlat [35] 10⁻⁸ mbar l/s. PMTs ( ) DAQ. PMT (465 nm) TPC .

Fig. 7: () (: ). . () TPC : ( 15 mm) ( 2 mm) PTFE 3 mm. M3 SS . ( ). 5 GΩ PTFE .

2.1.3 TPC

SS304 ( 1 ). ( 2.1.4). 3D . ∼1 mm .

SS316 [36] . ( LXe S2 ) . OFHC ( 1.98 mm) 2.1 mm ( 7 ). . / 12 . . 3 4 N ( ) . 0.36 mm . ( 2.1.4 [37]). 7% [38, 39].

LXe XENONnT . LXe. 304 μm ( 7 ) . 8 mm ∼7 mm LXe ( 1). S2 3.3.3.

(FS) PTFE ( 7 ). . COMSOL Multiphysics 2 3 PTFE TPC [40].

64 OFHC ( “ ”) 10.7 mm PTFE. 24 M3 ( 3 7 ) 15 mm×5 mm ( 2.5 mm). PTFE. () 21.6 mm LXe. 33 mm 73 mm 2.

71 ( ) PTFE. OFHC 2 mm 24 . PTFE PTFE. 0.25 mm ( ) PTFE. 21.6 mm ( 7 ). 11 mm . PTFE ( 7 ) .

5 GΩ [41] . . TPC −10 kV −30 kV. . . ( 58.4 mm 29.5 mm ). . COMSOL 1 −0.95 kV E

d= 191V∕cmRMS1% [40].

2.1.4

TPC [37, 42].

(ICP-MS) [43–47]. ( OFHC PTFE Torlon^®) PMTs Hamamatsu [48] . XENON1T [49] TPC . Monte Carlo TPC [11]. ERs .

²²²Rn 1 μBq/kg [11] . [50].

PMTs ISO 6 LNGS. [51]. ( ) ²²²Rn ²²⁶Ra . ²¹⁰Pb ²¹⁰ Po [52]. .

TPC . . PMT 14 . TPC Mylar . . TPC ISO 6 ( 2.2.1). TPC PMT . 7 TPC TPC . .

Fig. 8: CAD XENONnT. LXe TPC (CRY) (LXe-PUR) (GXe-PUR) (Kr-DST) (Rn-DST) ReStoX1 ReStoX2 LXe .

2.2

8 CAD . XENON1T LXe (ReStoX2).

2.2.1

TPC SS304 ( 2). (OV) XENON1T . ( ) . OV 1620 mm 3001 mm. (IV) 1460 mm 2666 mm . 5 mm. [53] IV . OV 30 IV . IV OV . M24 .

XENON1T LXe PUR / PMT ( 8). . ( 2.2.3).

XENONnT XENON1T. “ ” XENON100 [2] 6 m XENON [3]. [54] (PTRs) 250 W. [55] PTR . ( ) PTR LN₂ GN₂. LN₂ .

2.2.2

XENONnT : ReStoX1 ReStoX2. TPC .

ReStoX1 XENON1T [3]. XENON 7.6 ( 8).

ReStoX2 ReStoX1. 60 bar 10 XENONnT . ReStoX1.

XENONnT ReStoX. LXe ReStoX1 . ReStoX1 ReStoX2 . ReStoX2. ReStoX2. 100 m² 1 t/. ReStoX1 . ReStoX2 .

XENONnT ( ) GXe (T) HTO HT ( 2.2.3). LXe ReStoX1 ( 2.2.1).

2.2.3

( O₂) TPC ∼1.5 m. GXe XENON1T LXe [56].

XENON1T [3]. LXe TPC XENON ( 8). (getter) [57]. XENON1T [10] (HRUs) XENONnT. ( 2.2.5) GXe (QDrive) XENON1T XENONnT [58]. ( ) 50 SLPM . XENON1T [42]. ∼80 SLPM . . 3. .

LXe ( 8). LXe-LN₂ . . LXe LXe . [59] 1-4 LPM ( 4-16 /) . SAES St707 O₂ . St707 . O₂ Engelhard Q-5 [60] St707 . / . XENONnT LXe O₂ <0.1 ppb 7 . 3.

TPCs τ_e. e . τ_e S2 . LXe . [61]. UV [62] 20 cm LXe . τ_e

$τ = − ---Δt----, e ln (Qa∕Qc)$

(1)

Δt Q_a Q_c . 25 μs 30 ms. . TPC S2 .

2.2.4

⁸⁵Kr ²²²Rn TPCs LXe . . XENON1T [3, 63]. −98 ^∘C. ^natKr <48 ppq (mol/mol) 90% CL (6.4_−1.4^+1.9) ⋅ 10⁵. ⁸⁵ Kr/^natKr 2 ⋅ 10⁻¹¹. 360 ppq XENON1T [64].

. . . ^natKr ^natKr. 3.2.4 .

HT . HT . XENON1T HT 144 (90% C.L.) [65].

2.2.5

XENON1T ER ²¹⁴Pb [4]. XENONnT (4.2_−0.7^+0.5) μBq/kg [37]. 3 XENON1T (∼13 μBq/kg) [4]. 30% QDrive [66] XENON1T [67] . . XENONnT.

XENON100 [68] [69] . XENON1T . ²²²Rn 20% [42]. LXe XENONnT. . [14].

Fig. 9: CAD 3D . 3.8 m ²²²Rn .

LXe ²²²Rn TPC . ²²²Rn 3.8 XENONnT 200 SLPM (1.7 /) 2.1 . ( 9) : ( ) [67]. LXe ( 8). () . ( [70]) LXe . - . LN₂ . 95% . [14]. . 5% TPC PTR . / 100 1000 .

TPC ( ) SS. . QDrive [66] 20 SLPM [71]. [14] 100% 2 μBq/kg [37]. LXe 1 μBq/kg. 3.2.4 .

Fig. 10: CAD ( 120 PMTs) . I () . L () . U ( ) .

2.3

TPC Cherenkov NR ( 10). XENON1T TPC NR. XENONnT TPC. (SR0) . 2023.

Fig. 11: ( ). ePTFE LXe.

2.3.1

700 10.2 m 9.6 m. γ [3, 72]. Cherenkov 84 PMTs 8” [73] QE ∼30% 300600 nm. [74] 380-1000 nm [75]. PMTs . PMT LED . .

2.3.2

10 11 Gd Gd . 700 t 0.48% () (Gd₂(SO₄)₃⋅8H₂O). ¹⁵⁷Gd ¹⁵⁵Gd γ 7.9 MeV 8.5 MeV [76–78]. Compton Cherenkov PMTs.

33 m³ LXe . PTFE (ePTFE) . ePTFE . 1 m . . Cherenkov 120 PMTs QE 8” [79] . 7×10⁶ 𝒪(1kHz) ∼ 0.3 . PMT . Monte Carlo Cherenkov PMT 13 m. ePTFE .

-Gd Cherenkov Gd . EGADS Super-Kamiokande [77] LNGS. Monte Carlo EGADS XENONnT R&D 85% [11].

3.4 Gd [80]. -Gd . Gd Gd . Gd. 3.

2.4

TPC . GXe (ER) TPC.

^83mKr TPC GXe ⁸³Rb [81, 82]. 32.2 keV 9.4 keV TPC. 9.4 keV 154 ns 41.6 keV . TPC. 1.83 h .

²²⁰Rn α β γ. ²²⁸Th ²²⁰Rn GXe TPC [83, 84]. ²¹²Pb Q 560 keV ER S2 S1. ²²⁰ Rn TPC .

³⁷Ar Auger X 2.82 keV 0.27 keV 0.01 keV [85] . [86]. [85]. t_1∕2=35.0 ³⁷Ar . XENON1T ³⁷Ar 10 4 [85].

Fig. 12: XENONnT: (PACs) . .

10 . “ I” ( 10) - ⁸⁸Y-Be NR . z . “U” TPC . 1” . TPC (²²⁸Th ¹³⁷Cs) ²⁴¹Am-Be.

L ( 10) TPC 20^∘ xy. 15.3 cm 10.2 cm TPC. 2.5 MeV 10⁷ n/s. . 20 cm . (D₂O) . 2.5 MeV D₂O TPC ≲100 keV.

2.5

. XENON1T [3, 87]. (PACs: ) [88]. (ReStoX2) PMT . 12.

Fig. 13: XENONnT [89]. PMT PMT TPC ( ) . (0.5×) PMTs / . .

XENON1T . PMT PMT . . PMTs TPC 494 ( PMT ) PMT . PMT [90] .

Historian [91] 5000 . ( ) .

2.6

XENONnT (LXe TPC ) 698 PMTs. . ( 2.6.1) Ceph [92] Strax ( 2.6.2) [93, 94]. ( 2.6.3).

2.6.1

Redax [89] . XENONnT . 13 . [89].

PMT 494 (×10) (×0.5). ADC CAEN V1724 () 100 MHz 40 MHz 2.25 V 14 bit [95]. DPP-DAW CAEN XENON1T [96]. ( 15 ADC 2.06 mV). . . PMT LED .

PMTs V1724. [97]. PMTs / . (HEV) . V1724 . . TPC .

TPC 50 MHz GPS [98]. [99] . (LVDS) [100] . .

HEV 100 MHz [101] FPGA Linux . PMTs S2 . [100] . .

0.5 GB/s TPC “” [102]. [103] . Redax Strax ( 2.6.2) Ceph [92] SSD 900 GB . TPC PMT . . .

PMTs 120 8 CAEN V1730 [104]. 16 500 MHz 250 MHz 2.0 V 14 bit. TPC Cherenkov. TPC. . [100] V1724.

[105] . Redax TPC. Strax ( 2.6.2): PMT .

PMTs 84 XENON1T [96]: CAEN V1724 . N

pmt [100].TPC∕(50MHz).PMTs5.12 s.Redax [106].

. “ ” . . MongoDB [90]. TPC .

2.6.2

PMTs . ( PMT) . Python Strax Straxen [93, 94] ( Strax). Strax DAQ LNGS ( 2.6.3).

Strax . . N

hitsN_pmt T.S1 + S2 :N_hits= 3N_pmts= 3T= 50ns.S1 S2..S2 S2.S2 S2 .S1S2 .S1(S2)S1S2.

(event_info) ( S1+S2 ). XENON ( N

hitsN_pmtT).

2.6.3

XENONnT ( 13). PMT . .

0.8 PB/. XENONnT . US Open Science Grid (OSG) European Grid Infrastructure (EGI). LNGS Grid (RSE) (Surfsara Nikhef CCIN2P3 INFN-CNAF) (UChicago MWT2 UCSD Expanse) LHCOne [107]. Rucio [108] RSEs . CNAF. CI Connect University of Chicago HTCondor [109] glideinWMS [110] Grid [111]. Singularity Containers [112] Strax ( 2.6.2). . Pegasus [113] .

XENON Jupyter notebook. Strax ( 2.6.2) . ( ). Monte Carlo .

XENONnT . SR0 [12] WIMP [13].

3.1

SR0 Gd.

Fig. 14: Am-Be. TPC 4.4 MeV γ ( ) 2.2 MeV γ . : t = 0 γ Compton Cherenkov PMTs ns. (S1). TPC NV 2.2 MeV PMTs ∼200 μs. TPC S2. S1 S2 S2 550 μs. S2 . S1 S2 . TPC S2 PMT TPC ( S2 ) 4.4 MeV γ PMTs . PMTs () ( ). .

3.1.1

XENON1T [3]. ePTFE . PMTs 6×10⁶ . 5 PMTs 1 PE 300 ns. MC ∼100% ∼10 Hz . 50% . 1% TPC .

3.1.2

TPC . 14 Am-Be TPC . Am-Be 4.4 MeV γ S1 TPC. 2.2 MeV γ. S2 NR TPC.

15 PMT 4 6 10 . 1 kHz ²²²Rn . ²²² Rn. ²²²Rn 100 Hz .

Fig. 15: PMT 4 () 6 () 10 () . ²²²Rn 100 Hz 4 .

(53 ± 3)% 250 μs S1 TPC Cherenkov [13]. TPC 1.6%. Gd 8 MeV γ.

3.2

LXe (⁸⁵Kr ²²²Rn) ³H [10, 114].

3.2.1

. 3.2 XENON1T ReStoX2 . 5.7 XENONnT ReStoX2. RGA . ReStoX2 ReStoX1 GXe H₂O : ∼40^∘C . (HTO). ReStoX2 ReStoX1 ³H . XENONnT .

3.2.2

O₂ TPC ( PTFE) . GN₂ . 5 TPC . . GXe .

TPC LXe TPC. 2.2 LXe ReStoX1 PTR LN₂ 200 kg/ PMT LXe. LXe 6.3 LXe ReStoX1 LXe GXe ³H . 500 kg/. TPC LXe LXe TPC PMT .

1.9 bara PTR −98^∘ C . 10 mbar. LXe GXe TPC LXe . LXe 20 μm S2.

3.2.3

H₂O LXe. LXe . . τ_e=71 μs . τ_e ∼ 3 μs XENON1T TPC. LXe GXe 58 SLPM 2 SLPM . LXe GXe 2.2.3. 16 LXe LXe. τ_e ∼ 100 μs .

16 LXe LXe. LXe . Q-5 ( 2.2.3) . 2 LPM τ_e ∼ 6 ms . Q-5 SAES St707 SR0. 10 ms TPC 2 ms.

Fig. 16: . LXe 2 LPM O₂ (Q-5). 100% O₂ 0.11 mg/.

3.2.4

LXe ^natKr/Xe=480 ppq (RGMS) [115]. ²¹⁴ Pb. ^natKr/Xe = (56± 36) ppq 100 ppq “” [12]. XENONnT .

²²²Rn TPC 3.5 μBq/kg ( 2.1.4). XENONnT XENON1T. SR0 “ ” (1.81 ± 0.02) μBq/kg. (SR1) 1 μBq/kg .

3.3 TPC

TPC . TPC. TPC PMTs. PMTs . −15 kV ∼100 V/cm XENON1T [4]. 4.5 kV - . .

TPC . −12 kV . . −2.75 kV ∼23 V/cm 2.3 ms. τ_e > 10 ms XENONnT . SR0 [12] ER . WIMP NR S2/S1 . XENONnT WIMP SR0 [13].

4.6 kV. (SE) . PMTs. “ ” . [38, 116]. (“ ”) DAQ XENONnT ( 3.3.3). ∼11%.

SR0 TPC V

c=-2.75kV V_TFSE=+0.65kV V_g=+0.3kV V_a=+4.9kV E_d= 23.0^+0.4_-0.3V∕cmE_e2.9kV∕cm3.7kV∕cm()4 [11].V _bS=-2.75kV ()V _tS=-0.9kV.

14 PMT TPC Am-Be. z t

driftS2S1.S2 PMTsMonteCarlo.t_driftX^recY^rec( 3.3.3). cS1 cS2 S1S2(LCE)TPC.

3.3.1

SR0 PMTs (SPE) . PMTs −1.5 kV . 1.2×10⁶ 2.4×10⁶ 1.87×10⁶ 0.35×10⁶. LED TPC 1% SR0. SPE SPE ADC ( 15 ADC 2.6.1) SPE (93.0±1.8)%. ∼40 Hz LXe PMTs.

PMT 494 SR0 : 11 HV 4 2 . PMTs SR0 23 ( ) Xe⁺ N₂⁺. PMTs PMT . PMTs 23 0.01%/ 0.14%/.

3.3.2 TPC

TPC LCE ^83mKr. TPC . 2 ^83mKr . 17 41.6 keV Z

rec(R^rec)^2=(X^rec)^2+(Y^rec)^2.QEPMT.TPC.LCES1cS1 S1 . 3.3.4.

Fig. 17: 41.6 keV ^83mKr. / z=0 cm z ∼−149 cm .

3.3.3 TPC

TPC ^83mKr . S2 . ( ) X

obsY_obsS2 18...>70%∼53%TPC.LCEcS2 XYS2 .

Fig. 18: S2 () () XobsY_obs^83mKr.S2.

Z. ^83mKr 19 cS2 Z

rec.τ_e= (15.0±0.4)ms2.3ms.

TPC COMSOL [40]. PTFE [117]. <0.5 μC/m². 22.6_−0.6^+0.4 V/cm [11]. TPC TPC. 112 kg 2% .

Fig. 19: 2D S2 ( XY ) ^83mKr. 2D S2 ( ) τ_e = (15.0 ± 0.4) ms .

3.3.4

g₁ ( ) g₂ ( ) (PE) ER E:

$( ) cS1 cS2 E = W g1 + g2 ,$

(2)

W=13.7 eV [97]. g₁ = (0.152 ± 0.002) PE/γ g₂ = (16.5 ± 0.6) PE/e⁻ L_y Q_y ( PE/keV

ee)2.8keV (^37Ar)236.2keV (^129mXe)WIMP.L_yQ_y1.0%1.9%. 20 (2).1− 2%..

Fig. 20: L_y Q_y ( PE/keV) ER 2.8 keV (³⁷Ar [85]) 4.4 MeV (¹²C). ³⁷Ar ^83mKr ^131mXe ^129mXe ( ) Q_y = − $gg21$ L_y + $gW2$ (2). . .

XENONnT 2020. (SR0) 3 6 2021 10 2021. 97.1 . (15.8 ± 1.3) /(××keV

ee) [12]. 5XENON1T.WIMP − 2.6×10^-47cm^2WIMP28GeV∕c^290% [13].XENONnT^222Rn1 Bq∕kg.2023500ppm.

Acknowledgements R. Adinolfi G. Bucciarelli K. Deweese A. Goretti R. Leguijt M. Linvill C. Orr M. Tobia R. Walet XENONnT. National Science Foundation Swiss National Science Foundation German Ministry for Education and Research Max Planck Gesellschaft Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Helmholtz Association Dutch Research Council (NWO) Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia Weizmann Institute of Science Israeli Science Foundation Pazy Foundation Binational Science Foundation Région des Pays de la Loire Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation Kavli Foundation JSPS Kakenhi and JST FOREST Program ERAN in Japan Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program DIM-ACAV⁺ Région Ile-de-France Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. / Horizon 2020 Marie Skodowska-Curie 860881-HIDDeN. Open Science Pool [118] European Grid Initiative [119] : CNRS/IN2P3 (Lyon - France) SURF Cooperative Nikhef Data-Processing Facility (Amsterdam - Netherlands) INFN-CNAF (Bologna - Italy) San Diego Supercomputer Center (San Diego - USA) Enrico Fermi Institute (Chicago - USA). Research Computing Center (RCC) The University of Chicago .

Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso XENON .

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